Grammar Class

3)Adjective Clauses

3-1/ Adjective clauses pronouns used as the subject

                           I thanked the woman.
                           She helped me.
                                    ↓
I thanked the woman who helped me.
I thanked the woman that helped me.
     I thanked the woman = an independent
     clause; who helped me = an adjective clause.
     The adjective clause modifies the noun woman

                           The book is mine.
                          It is on the table.
                                     ↓
The book which is on the table is mine.
The book that is on the table is mine.

who = used for people
which = used for things
that = used for both people and things

EXERCISE/ Combine the two sentences. Use the second sentence as an adjective clause.
1) I saw the man. He closed the door.
2) The student is from China. He sits next to me.
3) The students are from China. They sit the front row.
4) We are studying sentences. They contain adjective clause.
5) The taxi driver was friendly. He took me to airport.

ANSWER/
1) I saw the man who / that closed the door.
2) The student who / that sits next to me is from China.
3) The students who / that sits the front row are form China.
4) We are studying sentences which / that contain adjective clause.
5) The taxi driver who/ that took me to airport was friendly.

　

3-2 / Adjective clause pronouns used as the object as a verb

The adjective clause pronouns are placed at the beginning of the clause.
                              The man was Mr. Jones.
                              I saw him.
                                       ↓
The man who(m) I saw was Mr. Jones.
The man that I saw was Mr. Jones.
The man φ I saw was Mr. Jones.

                        The movie wasn't very good.
                        We saw it last night.
                                   ↓
The movie which we saw last night wasn't very good.
The movie that we saw last night wasn't very good.
The movie φ we saw last night wasn't very good.

INCORRECT
The man who I saw him was Mr. Jones.
     The pronoun him must be removed. It is unnecessary because who, that or φ   functions as the object of the verb saw.

　

EXERCISE/Combine the sentences, using the second sentence as an adjective clause.
1) The book was good. I read it.
2) I liked the woman. I met her at the party last night.
3) I liked the composition. You wrote it.
4) The people were very nice. We visited them yesterday.
5) The man is standing over there. Ann brought him to the party.

ANSWER/
1) The book which / that /φ I read was good.
2) I liked the woman who / that / φ I met at the party last night.
3) I liked the composition which / that you wrote.
4) The people who/ that / φ we visited yesterday were very nice.
5) The man who / that / φ Ann brought to the party is standing over there.

　

3-3 / Adjective clause pronouns used as the object of a preposition

     In very formal English, the preposition comes at the beginning of the adjective clause.
Usually, however, in everyday usage, the preposition comes after the subject and verb of the adjective clause.

                                She is the woman.
                                I told you about her.
                                          ↓
She is the woman about whom I told you.
She is the woman who(m) I told you about.
She is the woman that I told you about.
She is the woman φ I told you about.

                            The music was good.
                                  We listening to it last night.
                                           ↓
The music to which we listened last night was good.
The music which we listened to last night was good.
The music that we listened to last night was good.
The music φ we listened to last night was good.

  If the preposition comes at the beginning of the adjective clause, only whom or which may be used. A preposition is never immediate followed by that or who.

EXERCISE/ Combine the sentences, using the second sentence as an adjective clause.
1) The meeting was interesting.  I went to it.
2) The man was very kind. I talked to him yesterday.
3) I must thank the people. I got a present from them.
4) The picture was beautiful. She was looking at it.
5) I ran into a woman. I had gone to elementary school with her.

ANSWER/
1) The meeting which I went to was interesting.
                     to which I went to was interesting.
2)The man whom I talked to yesterday was very kind.
               to whom I talked yesterday was very kind.
3) I must thanked the people whom I got a present from.
                                     from whom I got a present.
4) The picture which she was looking at was beautiful.
                    at which she was looking at was beautiful.
5) I ran into a woman whom I had gone to elementary school with.
                             with whom I had gone to elementary school.

　

3-4 / Using WHOSE

     Whose is used to show possession. It carries the same meaning as other possessive pronouns used as adjectives: his, her its and their. Like his, her, its and their, whose is connected to a noun:
     his bicycle → whose bicycle
     her composition → whose composition
Both whose and the noun it is connected to are placed at the beginning of the adjective clause.
Whose cannot be omitted.

                    I know the man.
                    His bicycle was stolen.
                            ↓
I know the man whose bicycle was stolen.

                    The student writes well.
                    I read her composition.
                            ↓
The student whose composition I read writes well.

     Whose usually modifies people, but it may also be use to modify things.
                     Mr. Catt has a painting.
                    Its value is inestimable.
                            ↓
Mr. Catt has a painting whose value is inestimable.

EXERCISE/ Combine the sentences, using the second sentence as an adjective clause.
1) I know a man. His last name is Goose.
2)The man called the police. His wallet was stolen.
3)Mr. North teaches a class for students. Their native language is not English.
4)I have to call the man. I accidentally picked up his umbrella after the meeting.
5)The man poured a glass of water on his face. His beard caught on fire when he lit a cigarette.

ANSWER/
1)I know the man whose last name is Goose.
2)The man whose wallet was stolen called the police.
3)Mr. North teaches a class for students whose native language is not English.
4)I have to call the man whose umbrella I accidentally picked up after the meeting.
5)The man whose beard caught on fire when he lit a cigarette poured a glass of water on his face .

EXERCISE/ Combine the sentences, using whose in an adjective clause.
1)The man's wife had been admitted to the hospital. I spoke to him.
2)I read about a child. Her life was saved by her pet dog.
3)The student raised their hands. Their names were called.
4)Jack knows a man. The man's name is William Blueheart Duckbill,Jr.
5)We couldn't find the person. His car was blocking the driveway.

ANSWER/
1)I spoke the man whose wife had been admitted to the hospital.
2)I read about a child whose life was saved by her pet dog.
3)The student whose names were called raised their hands.
4)Jack knows a man whose name is William Blueheart Duckbill,Jr.
5)We couldn't fine the person whose car was blocking the driveway.