The Passive

In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.
"the boy" in the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive verb in passive sentence.

     Exercise / Change the active to the passive.
                    1) Waitress and waiter serve customers. ---
                    2) The teacher is going to explain the lesson. ---
                    3) Two horses were pulling the farmer's wagon. ---
                    4) Is Mr. Brown painting your house? ---
                    5) His tricks won't fool me. ---

     Answer / 1) Customers are served by waitress and waiter.
                      2) The lesson is going to be explained by the teacher.
                      3) The farmer's wagon was pulled by two horses.
                      4) Is your house painted by Mr. Brown?
                      5) I will not be fooled by his trick.

Usually the passive is used without a by-phrase. The passive is most frequently used when it is not known or not important to know exactly who performs an action.

In (a) : Rice is grown in India by people, by farmers, by someone. It is not known or important to know exactly who grows rice in India.

The by-phrase is included only if it is important to know who performs an action.

    Exercise / Change the active sentences to passive sentences.
                   1) Someone made this antique table in 1734.
                   2) Translators have translate that book into many languages.
                   3) Jim's daughter drew that picture. My son drew this picture.
                   4) When did someone invent the radio?
                   5) If you expose a film to light while you are developing it, you will ruin the
                       negative.

    Answer / 1) This antique table was made in 1734.
                      2) That book has been translated by translators into many languages.
                      3) That picture was drawn by Jim's daughter. This picture was drawn by
　　　　　　　　　 my son.
                      4) When was the radio invented?
                      5) If a film is exposed to light while it is being developed, the negative
                           will be ruined.

* Modal = can, could, had better, may, might, must, ought (to), shall, should, will, would

(a) Tom will be invited to the picnic.
(b) The window can't be opened.
(c) Children should be taught to respect their elders.
(d) May I be excused from class?
(e) This book had better be returned to the library before Friday.
(f) This letter ought to be sent before June 1st.
(g) Mary has to be told about our change in plans.

(h) The letter should have been sent last week.
(i) This house must have been built over 200 years ago.
(j) Jack ought to have been invited to the party.

   Exercise / Complete the sentences with the given words, active or passive.
              1) James (should + tell)           the news as soon as possible.
              2) Someone (should + tell)           James the news immediately.
              3) We tried, but the window (couldn't + open)          .
              4) I tried, but I (couldn't + open)           the window.
              5) These books (have to + return)           to the library by tomorrow.
              6) Polly (have to + return)           these books by next Friday.

   Answer / 1) should be told (passive form)
                 2) should tell (active form)
                 3) couldn't be opened (passive form)
                 4) couldn't open (active form)
                 5) have to be returned (passive form)
                 6) has to return (active form)

★Active form と Passive form の使い分けできましたか？
　 subject が何なのか考えると使い分けが簡単かも知れません。
　　例えば（１）では subject は James ですよね。
　訳すと、「James はそのニュースをできるだけ早く知らされるべきだ。」
　この「知らされる」がポイント。”～～される”が passive つまり受動態の文ですよね。
　　（２）では「誰かがそのニュースを James に早く知らせるべきだ」
　「知らせる」つまり、active （能動態）の文でしょ？
　 subject つまり、action を起こしているのは誰なのか考えてから verb を換えましょう。

　　それでは、これらのことが分かったということで、もう一度！

   Exercise / Use active or passive, in any appropriate tense, for the verbs in
                  parentheses.
             1) It's noon. The mail should be here soon. It (deliver, usually)           sometime
                 between noon and one o'clock.
             2) Right now a student trip to the park (organize)           by Mrs. Hunt.
             3) A: Where (buy, you)           that beautiful necklace?
                 B: I (buy, not)          it. It (give)           to me for my birthday.
                    (you, like)           it?
             4) A: Yesterday (be)      a terrible day.
                 B: What (happen)          ?
                 A: First, I (flunk)           a test, or at last I think I did. Then I (drop)
                     my books while I (walk)           across campus, and they (fall)
                     into mad puddle. And finally, my bicycle (steal)           .

   Answer / 1) is usually delivered (passive form)
                2) is being organized (passive form)
                3) did you buy (simple past question)
                   didn't buy (simple past, active)
                   was given (passive)
                   Do you like (simple question)
                4) was (simple past)
                   happened (simple past)
                   flunked (simple past, active)
                   dropped (simple past, active)
                   was walking (past progressive)
                   fell (simple past, active)
                   was stolen (passive)

be accustomed to
be acquainted with
be addicted to
be annoyed with, by
be associated with

be bored with, by

be cluttered with
be committed to
be composed of
be concerned about
be connected to
be coordinated with
be covered with
be crowded with

be dedicated to
be devoted to
be disappointed in, with
be discriminated against
be divorced from
be done with
be dressed in

be engaged to
be equipped with
be excited with
be exhausted from
be exposed to

be filled with
be finished with
be frightened of, by

be gone from

be interested in
be involved in

be known for

be limited to
be located in

be made of
be married to

be opposed to

be pleased with
be prepared for
be protected from
be provided with

be qualified for

be related to
be remembered for

be satisfied with
be scared of, by

be terrified of, by
be tired of, from

be worried about

★これはごく一部です。ホントはまだまだたくさんあるんですよ。これは覚えてしまうしかないです。
　私は画用紙くらいの厚さの紙を買ってきて、カードを作って覚えました。
　　例えば表に「be known」と書き裏に「for」と書く。
　覚えられた単語、間違えた単語を分けて、間違った物はきちんと覚えるまで何度も繰り返す。

上記の物は、会話の中でも頻繁に使うので覚えていて損はないでしょう。

Exercise / 1) (compose)   Water           hydrogen and oxygen.
                   2) (addict)        Ann laughingly calls herself a "chocoholic." She says she
                                                     chocolate.
                     3) (acquaint) I      not           that author's work.
                    4) (relate)       Your name is Mary Smith.      you           John Smith?
                     5) (devote)      Mr. and Mrs. Miller           each other.

Answer / 1) is composed of
                2) is addicted to
                 3) am, acquainted with
                 4) Are, related to
                 5) are devoted to

Get + Adjective
(a) I'm getting hungry. Let's eat soon.
      Get may be followed by certain adjective.(*) Get gives the idea of change---
       the idea of becoming, beginning to be, growing to be.
    In (a): I'm getting hungry = I wasn't hungry before, but now I'm beginning to be hungry.
(b) You shouldn't eat so much. You'll get fat.
(c) I stopped working because I got sleepy.

Get + Past Participle
(d) I stopped working because I got tired.
(e) They are getting married next month.
       Get may also be followed by a past participle(p.p.) The p.p. functions as an adjective;
       it describes the subject.
       The passive with get is common in spoken English, but is often not appropriate
       in formal writing.

Exercise / Complete the sentences with an appropriate form of get and the given verbs.
          1) (tire)            I think I'll stop working. I           .
          2) (marry)        When      you           ?
          3) (confuse)      I           because everybody gave me different advice.
          4) (invite)               you           to the party?
          5) (finish, not) Last night I           with my homework until after midnight.

Answer / 1) am getting tired
             2) did, get married / are getting married
             3) got confused
             4) Did, get invited
             5) didn't get finished

The present participle serves as an adjective with an active meaning. The noun it modifies performs an action. In (a): The noun problem does something; it confuses. Thus, it is described as a "confusing problem."

The past participle serves as an adjective with a passive meaning. In (b): The students are confused by something. Thus, they are described as "confused students."

(b) ---The students are confused by the problem.
They are confused students.

   (c) ---The story amuses the children.
       It is an amusing story.
               (The noun story performs the action)

   (d) ---The children are amused by the story.
       They are amused children.
               (The noun children receives the action)

* Adjective with "-ing" and "-ed"
"-ing" / cause of a feeling.
             thing --- movie, book, accident
             person
             animal
The textbook is confusing. (causes the feeling is confuse)
           n        v     adj.
(The textbook is confusing so the students are confuse.)

"-ed" / a feeling.
           person and animal
The students are confused. (feels confuse)
        n           v        adj.
(The students are confused because the textbook is confusing.)

My job is exhausting. / I am exhausted.
    (thing)                  (people)

Exercise / 1) (interest)
                  Jennifer is      in computers.
                  Computers are      to Jennifer.
                  Jason is      in history.
               2) (bore)
                  Some movies are very      . They make me sleepy.
                  Sara was      at the movie.
                  The professor's lecture was a little      . I almost fell asleep!
                  Professor Samuel's class      me yesterday.
              3) (frustrate)
                 Speaking English all day can be      to students.
                 I get very      by traffic.
                 Traffic is very       to me.
                 Nancy was      when she lost her keys.
                 I am      with this exercise!

Answer / 1) interested, interesting, interested
2) boring, bored, boring, bored
3) frustrating, frustrated, frustrating, frustrated, frustrated

1. I still can't believe it! My bicycle last night.
A. was stolen B. was stealing C. stolen D. stole

2. The current constitutional problem is      by the top legal minds in the country.
     A. studying                C. being studied
     B. being studying       D. been studied

3. Something funny in class yesterday.
A. happened B.was happened C. happens D. is happened

4. The child's arm was swollen because      by a bee.
     A. stung                    C. had been stung
     B. had stung              D. had being stung

5. Today, many serious childhood diseases      by early immunization.
     A. are preventing       C. prevent
     B. can prevent           D. can be prevented

7. Many U.S. automobiles      in Detroit, Michigan.
      A. manufacture                   C. are manufactured
      B. have manufactured          D. are manufacturing

8. Let's go ahead and do it now. Nothing      by waiting.
     A. accomplishes          C. has accomplished
     B. accomplished          D. will be accomplished

9. "When      ?
   "In 1928."
     A. penicillin was discovered   C. was penicillin discovered
     B. did penicillin discovered    D. did penicillin discover

10. My country      the pursuit of world peace.
    A. is dedicating to        C. is dedicating by
    B. is dedicated to         D. is dedicated by

11. About 15,000 years ago, northern Wisconsin under ice a mile deep.
A. buried B. was burying C. was buried D. had buried

12. Ed was new on the job, but he quickly fit himself into the routine of the office.
A. established B. establishing C. establishes D. establish

13. The Mayan Indians      an accurate and sophisticated calendar more than seven
                 centuries ago.
     A. were developed     B. developed      C. are developed     D. have been developed

15. The rescuers for their bravery and fortitude in locating the lost mountain climbers.
A. were praised B. praised C. were praising D. praising

16. "Can't we do something about the situation?"
"Something right now."
A. is doing B. is done C. is being done D. has been doing

17. "Are you interested in scuba diving?"
"Very. Undersea life is ."
A. fascinated B. fascinating C. being fascinating D. being fascinated

18.The university by private funds as well as by tuition income and grants.
A. is supported B. supports C. is supporting D. has supported

19. "How did that window      ?"
     "I don't know."
     A. get broken      B. broke      C. got broken     D. broken

20. Renoir is one of the most popular French impressionist painters.
     His paintings      .
     A. had considered                C. are considered
     B. are considering                D. consider

21. "     about the eight o'clock flight to Chicago."
    "Not yet."
     A. Has been an announcement made     C. Has an announcement been made
     B. Has an announcement made             D. Has been made an announcement

22. Last night a tornado swept through Rockville.
It everything in its path.
A. destroyed B. was destroyed C. was being destroyed D. had been destroyed

23. Be sure to wash these vegetable thoroughly. A lot of pesticide residue      on
          unwashed produce.
     A. can find     B. can found      C. can be found     D. can be finding

24. It's hard to believe that my application for a scholarship      . I was sure I'd get it.
     I don't know now if I'll go to school next year.
     A. was denied     B. denied      C. was denying     D. has denied

25. The man died because medical help was not summoned. A doctor should .
A. have called B. been called C. called D. have been called

angry	chilly	full	old	warm
anxious	cold	good	rich	well
bald	dark	heavy	sick	wet
better	dizzy	hot	sleepy	worse
big	empty	hungry	tall
busy	fat	late	thirsty

1. A	6. D	11. B	16. A	21. A
2. C	7. C	12. C	17. C	22. C
3. A	8. D	13. A	18. B	23. C
4. C	9. C	14. B	19. A	24. A
5. D	10. B	15. D	20. A	25. C